长时任务(ArkTS)：应用退至后台后，在后台需要长时间运行用户可感知的任务，如播放音乐、导航等。为防止应用进程被挂起，导致对应功能异常，可以申请长时任务，使应用在后台长时间运行。
Location Kit（位置服务）：位置子系统使用多种定位技术提供服务，如GNSS定位、基站定位、WLAN/蓝牙定位（基站定位、WLAN/蓝牙定位后续统称“网络定位技术”）；通过这些定位技术，无论用户设备在室内或是户外，都可以准确地确定设备位置。
geoLocationManager.on('locationChange')：获取实时位置的接口，开启位置变化订阅，并发起定位请求。

解决方案

在module.json5文件的requestPermissions中声明位置权限和后台运行位置权限。

{
  "name" : "ohos.permission.LOCATION",
  "usedScene": {
    "abilities": [
      "EntryAbility"
    ],
    "when": "inuse"
  },
  "reason": "$string:location_use"
},
{
  "name" : "ohos.permission.APPROXIMATELY_LOCATION",
  "usedScene": {
    "abilities": [
      "EntryAbility"
    ],
    "when": "inuse"
  },
  "reason": "$string:location_use"
},
{
  "name" : "ohos.permission.LOCATION_IN_BACKGROUND",
  "usedScene": {
    "abilities": [
      "EntryAbility"
    ],
    "when": "inuse"
  },
  "reason": "$string:location_use"
},
{
  "name" : "ohos.permission.KEEP_BACKGROUND_RUNNING",
  "usedScene": {
    "abilities": [
      "EntryAbility"
    ],
    "when": "inuse"
  },
  "reason": "$string:location_use"
}

在module.json5文件中为需要使用长时任务的UIAbility声明长时任务类型backgroundModes为location。

"abilities": [
  {
    "name": "EntryAbility",
    "srcEntry": "./ets/entryability/EntryAbility.ets",
    "description": "$string:EntryAbility_desc",
    "icon": "$media:layered_image",
    "label": "$string:EntryAbility_label",
    "startWindowIcon": "$media:startIcon",
    "startWindowBackground": "$color:start_window_background",
    "exported": true,
    "backgroundModes": ["location"],// 声明支持定位后台模式
    "skills": [
      {
        "entities": [
          "entity.system.home"
        ],
        "actions": [
          "ohos.want.action.home"
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
],

添加后台应用的相关信息。

let wantAgentInfo: wantAgent.WantAgentInfo = {
  // 添加需要被拉起应用的bundleName和abilityName
  wants: [
    {
      bundleName: 'com.example.backgroundtask',
      abilityName: 'EntryAbility'
    }
  ],
  // 指定点击通知栏消息后的动作是拉起ability
  actionType: wantAgent.OperationType.START_ABILITY,
  // 使用者自定义的一个私有值
  requestCode: 0,
  // 点击通知后，动作执行属性
  actionFlags: [wantAgent.WantAgentFlags.UPDATE_PRESENT_FLAG],
};

向用户申请位置权限。

// 启动定位之前先申请位置权限
await reqPermissionsFromUser(['ohos.permission.APPROXIMATELY_LOCATION', 'ohos.permission.LOCATION'],
  this.getUIContext().getHostContext() as common.UIAbilityContext);

启动长时任务时，长时任务类型配置为location。

let list: Array<string> = ['location']; // 注意长时任务类型
backgroundTaskManager.startBackgroundRunning(this.context, list, wantAgentObj)
  .then(async () => {
    console.info('Operation startBackgroundRunning succeeded');
    // 此处执行具体的长时任务逻辑，该示例中为获取位置信息
    if (!geoLocationManager.isLocationEnabled()) {
      this.message = 'permission error';
    }
    let request: geoLocationManager.ContinuousLocationRequest = {
      'interval': 1,
      'locationScenario': geoLocationManager.UserActivityScenario.NAVIGATION
    };
    try {
      geoLocationManager.on('locationChange', request, (location: geoLocationManager.Location) => {
        this.latitude = location.latitude;
        this.longitude = location.longitude;
      });
    } catch (err) {
      this.message = JSON.stringify(err);
    }
  })
  .catch((error: BusinessError) => {
    console.error(`Failed to Operation startBackgroundRunning. code is ${error.code} message is ${error.message}`);
  });

完整代码：

import { backgroundTaskManager } from '@kit.BackgroundTasksKit';
import { abilityAccessCtrl, common, Permissions, WantAgent, wantAgent } from '@kit.AbilityKit';
import { BusinessError } from '@kit.BasicServicesKit';
import { geoLocationManager } from '@kit.LocationKit';

async function reqPermissionsFromUser(permissions: Array<Permissions>,
  context: common.UIAbilityContext): Promise<boolean> {
  let atManager: abilityAccessCtrl.AtManager = abilityAccessCtrl.createAtManager();
  // requestPermissionsFromUser会判断权限的授权状态来决定是否唤起弹窗
  let data = await atManager.requestPermissionsFromUser(context, permissions);
  let grantStatus: Array<number> = data.authResults;
  let length: number = grantStatus.length;
  for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
    if (grantStatus[i] === 0) {
      return true; // 用户授权，可以继续访问目标操作
    }
  }
  return false; // 授权失败
}

@Entry
@Component
struct Index {
  @State message: string = 'ContinuousTask';
  @State latitude: number = 0;
  @State longitude: number = 0;
  // 通过getUIContext().getHostContext()方法，来获取page所在的UIAbility上下文
  private context: Context | undefined = this.getUIContext().getHostContext();

  startContinuousTask() {
    let wantAgentInfo: wantAgent.WantAgentInfo = {
      // 添加需要被拉起应用的bundleName和abilityName
      wants: [
        {
          bundleName: 'com.example.backgroundtask',
          abilityName: 'EntryAbility'
        }
      ],
      // 指定点击通知栏消息后的动作是拉起ability
      actionType: wantAgent.OperationType.START_ABILITY,
      // 使用者自定义的一个私有值
      requestCode: 0,
      // 点击通知后，动作执行属性
      actionFlags: [wantAgent.WantAgentFlags.UPDATE_PRESENT_FLAG],
    };

    try {
      // 通过wantAgent模块下getWantAgent方法获取WantAgent对象
      wantAgent.getWantAgent(wantAgentInfo).then((wantAgentObj: WantAgent) => {
        try {
          let list: Array<string> = ['location']; // 注意长时任务类型
          backgroundTaskManager.startBackgroundRunning(this.context, list, wantAgentObj)
            .then(async () => {
              console.info('Operation startBackgroundRunning succeeded');
              // 此处执行具体的长时任务逻辑，该示例中为获取位置信息
              if (!geoLocationManager.isLocationEnabled()) {
                this.message = 'permission error';
              }
              let request: geoLocationManager.ContinuousLocationRequest = {
                'interval': 1,
                'locationScenario': geoLocationManager.UserActivityScenario.NAVIGATION
              };
              try {
                geoLocationManager.on('locationChange', request, (location: geoLocationManager.Location) => {
                  this.latitude = location.latitude;
                  this.longitude = location.longitude;
                });
              } catch (err) {
                this.message = JSON.stringify(err);
              }
            })
            .catch((error: BusinessError) => {
              console.error(`Failed to Operation startBackgroundRunning. code is ${error.code} message is ${error.message}`);
            });
        } catch (error) {
          console.error(`Failed to Operation startBackgroundRunning. code is ${(error as BusinessError).code} message is ${(error as BusinessError).message}`);
        }
      });
    } catch (error) {
      console.error(`Failed to Operation getWantAgent. code is ${(error as BusinessError).code} message is ${(error as BusinessError).message}`);
    }
  }

  stopContinuousTask() {
    backgroundTaskManager.stopBackgroundRunning(this.context).then(async () => {
      console.info(`Succeeded in operationing stopBackgroundRunning.`);
    }).catch((err: BusinessError) => {
      console.error(`Failed to operation stopBackgroundRunning. Code is ${err.code}, message is ${err.message}`);
    });
  }

  build() {
    Row() {
      Column() {
        Button('启动后台定位任务')
          .width(250)
          .height(40)
          .onClick(async () => {
            // 启动定位之前先申请位置权限
            await reqPermissionsFromUser(['ohos.permission.APPROXIMATELY_LOCATION', 'ohos.permission.LOCATION'],
              this.getUIContext().getHostContext() as common.UIAbilityContext);
            this.startContinuousTask();
          });

        Button('取消后台长时任务')
          .margin({ top: 10, bottom: 10 })
          .width(250)
          .height(40)
          .onClick(() => {
            this.stopContinuousTask();
          });

        Text(`latitude: ${this.latitude}`);
        Text(`longitude: ${this.longitude}`);
      }
      .width('100%');
    }
    .height('100%');
  }
}

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